The active form of vitamin D is synthesized in some body organs following sun exposure and dietary intake. Vitamin D exhibits its major and critical effects not only through regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism but also by influencing on RESPIRATORY and immune system. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D below the optimum limit lead to vitamin D insufficiency or maybe deficiency. These inappropriate concentrations of vitamin D lead to different types of pulmonary diseases such as viral and bacterial RESPIRATORY infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. In this review we described the association between vitamin D deficiency and severe therapy resistant asthma. We also reviewed the underlying molecular mechanism of vitamin D deficiency in children with severetherapy resistant asthma. Based on current information, future clinical trial are needed to study the role of vitamin D supplementation on different groups of patients with severe asthma including infants, children of school age, and ethnic minorities.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a type of acute viral pneumonia, which began with a sudden outbreak in Wuhan, China. Although closely related to severe acute RESPIRATORY syndrome, severe acute RESPIRATORY syndrome (SARS) and Middle East RESPIRATORY syndrome (MERS), the disease excessive transmission rate distinguishes it from other viral pneumonia diseases. The pulmonary complications and infections caused by this virus, as well as the lack of specific therapeutic have caused one of the most complicated epidemics of the last century. In this review article, we attempted to discuss and describe the latest findings of immunopathogenesis, as well new and applicable treatments for coronavirus disease.

Propose: Generalized anxiety DISORDER (GAD) is one of the most common psychiatric DISORDERs. So far, no study has examined their RESPIRATORY system changes. The purpose of this study was to compare the RESPIRATORY pattern indices of healthy individuals and individuals with generalized anxiety DISORDER. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 16 patients with clinical diagnosis of generalized anxiety DISORDER (GAD) with referral to a psychiatrist were compared with 16 matched healthy individuals. The information of the RESPIRATORY system was collected using a chronograph and spirometery. The Pulmonary function tests recorded were FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC end-tidal CO2 pressure and RESPIRATORY rate were measured using Capnograph. The Nijmegen questionnaire was used to quantify hyperventilation complaints. Results: The results of this study showed that anxiety patients had significantly lower levels of FEV1 and FEV1% in comparison with healthy subjects. Exhaled carbon dioxide and RESPIRATORY rate were significantly different between the two groups The Niggins questionnaire score was significantly higher in the group of anxiety patients than in the healthy subjects. Conclusions: RESPIRATORY pattern in people with generalized anxiety DISORDER was changed by RESPIRATORY volume, increased RESPIRATORY rate and decreased CO2. The current findings suggest that assessment of RESPIRATORY system in GAD patients can be effective in the early diagnosis and treatment process of breathing problems in physiotherapy centers.

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a functional RESPIRATORY DISORDER characterized by a paradoxical adduction of vocal on inspiration. Apposition of vocal cords produces airflow obstruction sufficient cause wheezing, stridor, chest tightness and dyspnea. VCD is often misdiagnosed as asthma. VCD should be considered in patients who are unresponsive to asthma treatment. Diagnosis is confirmed by history, physical examination, paraclinical findings and rhinolaryngoscopy with paradoxical adduction of vocal cords on inspiration. Therapeutic measures consist of speech therapy and psychotherapy.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) as a non-invasive indicator measures the activity level of the autonomic nervous system. Exercise has significant positive effects in increasing HRV indicators, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular health. People with panic DISORDER (PD) generally have low HRV indices and are more exposed to cardiovascular risks. Aim: The aim of the present study is investigating the effect of 12 weeks of hiking training on HRV of women with PD. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental clinical trial, 18 women with PD with average panic scores (45.00±19.55) as determined by Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ) in two training group (12 weeks of hiking training with 70% to 80% MHR, three sessions a week, each one an-hour, and control group (without any regular physical activity) participated randomly. HRV of subjects was measured by Holter monitoring device (with 7 leads VX3+ SN 17570 made in USA) while resting and lying back for 20 min before and after 12 weeks. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that panic scores (P≤0.001) and HRV factors including: SDNN (P≤0.05), SDNN index (P≤ 0.01) and TP (P≤0.03) of the subjects in the training group improved significantly but HF, LF, LF/HF, did not show significant changes (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It seems that 12 weeks of hiking training improves some of the HRV indices of women, which prevents the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and also reduces the symptoms of panic in women.

Objective: Acute lower RESPIRATORY infections lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in children from developing countries. The aim of this study was to look into the extent of RESPIRATORY syncytial virus infections in children with special reference to the role of specific immunoglobulins in protection against infection as well as the association with bacterial pathogens.Material & Methods: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for RESPIRATORY syncytial virus antigen by enzyme immunoassay and IgA antibodies by single radio immunodiffusion test. Viral culture on HEP-2 cell system and bacterial culture was done. Sera were tested for detection of antibodies to RESPIRATORY syncytial virus by indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antigens of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae were detected in serum and urine by latex agglutination assay.Findings: Incidence rates of acute lower RESPIRATORY infections were highest in infants; bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia being the main contributors. RESPIRATORY syncytial virus infection was found in 27.08% of the cases.Conclusion: Secretory IgA antibodies level was found to be a good indicator of RESPIRATORY syncytial virus infection as seen by the significantly higher levels in cases as compared to both non RESPIRATORY syncytial virus cases and controls.

Exercise is an evidence-based, multidisciplinary, comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic RESPIRATORY diseases who are symptomatic and whose daily living activities are often restricted. Exercise programs are designed to improve the physical and emotional condition of people with chronic RESPIRATORY disease and to promote long-term adherence to health enhancing behavior. This study was a semi-experimental study on 50 patients who were older than 60 years and had chronic RESPIRATORY disease. The patients were divided randomly into two groups of intervention and control. In the experiment group the exercise program was initiated with a pattern of 3 times per week for 2 months, according to the walking check list. The walking distance for the patients was 400 meters, following a physician’s approval and its duration was 15 to 35 minutes each time. At the end of the 2 months intervention, the quality of life was evaluated in both groups for the second time. the results showed a statistical significant relation between the quality of life in patients and some of their demographic characteristics. It was also proved that an exercise program can lead to an increase in the quality of life of patients with RESPIRATORY disease. It concluded that walking exercise program improved quality of life in chronic RESPIRATORY diseases.